China and Usa a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies Free Essays

string(27) numerous other focal banks. College of International Business and Economics China and USA: An examination of their Monetary Policies. Mid-term Project School of International Trade and Economics BY Rebecca Bogiri Professor: LIN GUIJIN Beijing, China 2 December 2009 China and USA: An examination of their Monetary Policies. By: Rebecca Bogiri December 2009 Abstract The money related strategies of USA and China is examined here from the point of view of their executing bodies, their selection of instruments, and their methods for setting their financing costs. We will compose a custom article test on China and Usa: a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now The examination uncovers that there are huge contrasts between the two nations coming about because of the nature and level of impact from their separate household political frameworks. The paper infers that China has a complex political economy that speaks to a half and half of private possession and state control. Consequently dissimilar to the USA, its money related arrangements are dependent upon political impact. Watchwords: Monetary strategy; Monetary approach instruments; Balance Sheet; China; USA Author’s email: becky. bogiri@gmail. com ContentsPage Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 USA Monetary Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 China Monetary Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Comparison of China and USA’s money related arrangements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 1. Presentation Monetary Policy is the procedure by which the administration, national bank, or fiscal authority of a nation controls (1) the gracefully of cash, (2) the accessibility of cash, and (3) the financing cost, so as to accomplish a lot of targets arranged towards the development and security of the economy. This paper alludes the above topic to two nations: China and USA. All things considered, there are three expansive targets. The first is to talk about financial arrangement by and large as did in the USA. The second is to talk about money related approach for the most part as it is done in China. The third is to look at and break down the manner in which money related arrangement is actualized in the two nations. 2. USA Monetary Policy How is the Federal Reserve organized? The Federal Reserve System (called the Fed, for short) is the nation’s national bank. It was set up by the Federal Reserve Act[1] and comprises of the Board of Governors in Washington, D. C. , and twelve Federal Reserve District Banks. The Congress organized the Fed to be autonomous inside the administration. Thusly in spite of the fact that the Fed is responsible to the Congress and its objectives are set by law, its direct of money related strategy is protected from everyday political weights. This mirrors the conviction that the individuals who control the country’s cash gracefully ought to be free of the individuals who outline the government’s spending choices. What makes the Fed free? Three basic highlights give the Fed autonomy in its direct of financial strategy: the arrangement method for Governors, the arrangement system for Reserve Bank Presidents, and subsidizing. Arrangement method for Governors: The seven Governors on the Federal Reserve Board are designated by the President of the United States and affirmed by the Senate. Autonomy gets from a few components: first, the arrangements are stumbled to diminish the opportunity that a solitary U. S. President could â€Å"load† the Board with representatives; second, their terms of office are 14 yearsâ€much longer than chose officials’ terms. Arrangement technique for Reserve Bank Presidents: Each Reserve Bank President is selected to a five-year term by that Bank’s Board of Directors, subject to conclusive endorsement by the Board of Governors. This system adds to autonomy in light of the fact that the Directors of each Reserve Bank are not picked by legislators however are chosen to give a cross-segment of premiums inside the district, including those of vault foundations, nonfinancial organizations, work, and general society. Funding: The Fed is organized to act naturally adequate as in it meets its working costs essentially from the premium income on its arrangement of protections. In this manner, it is autonomous of Congressional choices about allotments. How is the Fed â€Å"independent inside the government†? Despite the fact that the Fed is autonomous of Congressional appointments and regulatory control, it is at last responsible to Congress and goes under government review and survey. Taken care of authorities report routinely to the Congress on money related arrangement, administrative strategy, and an assortment of different issues, and they meet with senior Administration authorities to talk about the Federal Reserve’s and the bureaucratic government’s monetary projects. The Fed additionally reports to Congress on its accounts. Who makes money related approach? The Fed’s FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) has essential duty regarding directing fiscal arrangement. The FOMC meets in Washington eight times each year and has twelve individuals: the seven individuals from the Board of Governors, the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four of the other Reserve Bank Presidents, who serve in turn. The rest of the Reserve Bank Presidents add to the Committee’s conversations and considerations. What's more, the Directors of each Reserve Bank add to money related approach by making proposals about the fitting markdown rate, which are dependent upon conclusive endorsement by the Governors. Target of Monetary arrangement Monetary strategy has two fundamental objectives: to advance â€Å"maximum† practical yield and work and to advance â€Å"stable† costs. These objectives are recommended in a 1977 alteration to the Federal Reserve Act. Over the long haul, the measure of products and enterprises the economy produces (yield) and the quantity of occupations it creates (business) both rely upon factors other than financial approach. These elements incorporate innovation and people’s inclinations for sparing, hazard, and work exertion. Thus, most extreme feasible yield and business mean the levels steady with these components over the long haul. Be that as it may, the economy experiences business cycles in which yield and work are above or beneath their since quite a while ago run levels. Despite the fact that money related arrangement can’t influence either yield or work over the long haul, it can influence them in the short run. For instance, when request debilitates and there’s a downturn, the Fed can invigorate the economy incidentally and help push it back toward its since quite a while ago show level of yield to bringing down loan costs. That’s why balancing out the economy, or streamlining the pinnacles and valleys in yield and work around their since quite a while ago run development pathsâ€is a key short-run objective for the Fed and numerous other national banks. You read China and Usa: a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies in classification Papers USA Federal Reserve †Balance Sheet |ASSETS |LIABILITIES |Gold and Foreign Exchange |Currency | |Held by open | |Vault money | |Federal Reserve Credit |Bank Deposits | |Loans Discounts | |Government Securities | |Other credits | Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin, May 1996. Fiscal strategy instruments The Federal Reserve has three instruments for controlling the cash gracefully. They are: 1. Open Market Operations 2. The markdown rate; and 3. The necessary save proportion. When utilizing Open market activities, the Fed purchases or offers government protections to influence the degree of the cash flexibly. For instance, if the Fed wishes to build the cash flexibly by $2 million, it will buy government protections worth $ 2 million. The Fed’s resources increment by $ 2 million under the protections heading. So as to pay for the administration security, the Fed composes a keep an eye on itself. As a byproduct of the bond, the vender gets a check teaching the Fed to pay the merchant $ 2 million. The dealer at that point takes the check to his bank, which acknowledges the contributor for $ 2 million, and afterward stores the check at the Fed. The bank has a record with the Fed, which is currently credited with $ 2 million. Consequently the Fed’s liabilities increment by $ 2 million under the heading of bank stores, as the business bank has quite recently expanded its stores by $ 2 million which are held by the principal example as a store at the Fed. Another fiscal approach instrument used to influence the degree of the cash gracefully is the Discount rate, which is the loan fee charged by the Fed to banks that acquire from it to brief requirements for holds. Expanding the rebate rate demoralizes banks from getting from the Fed, while bringing down the rate urges banks to get from the Fed a

Awesome Ball Girl and Perception Essay Example for Free

Great Ball Girl and Perception Essay In the short video of â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, there is a youthful ball young lady working in the field that makes such an incredible catch, most experts would not have had the option to make. Toward the beginning of the video you would contemplate to see a grand slam after an incredible hit, yet my eyes were drawn somewhere else; simply like the group and two groups. This shows the principal stage in the recognition procedure: choice. Determination happens when at least one of your faculties are animated, where your brain and body help you pick what boosts to take care of (Floyd 109). Of my five detects, this video influenced my vision and my hearing since I was watching a screen; more faculties would have been influenced on the off chance that I would have been in the group. We don't really settle on cognizant choices about which upgrades to notice and which to overlook. Research shows that there are three attributes that make a specific upgrade bound to be chosen for consideration. (Floyd 109) The main trademark is that something abnormal or startling will make a boost stick out. Second, that reiteration or how as often as possible you have been presented to something will make it stick out. Third, the force of an upgrade will influence the amount you pay heed to it. From the video â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, two of the qualities that stood apart the most for me were redundancy and force. I don't watch baseball frequently so since I am not presented to that sport regularly, it stood apart to me. Notwithstanding not watching that sport frequently, the force of the group made me progressively intrigued in light of the fact that I realized something significant was going on because of hearing the cheering and panting. Before the finish of the video, the entirety of my consideration was centered around the youthful ball young lady who simply made a stunning catch. When you have seen a specific upgrade the following stage of the discernment procedure is to group it by association, the second phase of the recognition procedure. Association is the way toward sorting data that has been chosen for consideration †the brain will apply a perceptual pattern to it for a psychological structure for arranging data (Floyd 109). Perceptual patterns assist us with sorting out tactile data in some significant manner so we can push ahead with the procedure of observation. There are four kinds of mapping that help to group the data we notice about individuals: physical develops, job builds, communication develops and mental develops. (Floyd 110) Physical develops underline appearances and target attributes (stature, age, ethnicity, body shape) just as abstract qualities (allure). Job builds stress social or expert position (educator, bookkeeper, father, network pioneer). Connection develops underscore conduct (active, modest, forceful, snide, chivalrous). Mental builds stress considerations and sentiments (furious, unreliable, envious, stressed). (Floyd 110) Looking back on watching this video, I have a feeling that I could apply these develops to the youthful ball young lady. She was a more youthful white female; her appearance was normal tallness for a lady, not tall and not short with an athletic form †which is known to be appealing. The commentator for the game calls her the ball young lady just as the title of the video which gave the job develop. The association I could see was that she was a â€Å"go-getter† and that she was not timid about pursuing the ball that the expert player missed. After the catch, she was strolling back to her seat; she appeared to be unreliable or potentially stressed like she was thinking possibly it was an impractical notion to get the ball since all consideration is on her. Stage one, determination, helped me with stage two, association since I recognized what grabbed my eye. Seeing a young lady running down the side of the field, hearing the group cheering and the commentator going insane caused me to understand that something dynamite was occurring despite the fact that I don’t watch baseball regularly. When my consideration was centered around the ball young lady, I had the option to utilize the kinds of compositions to order the data that my brain took note. The third and last phase of the recognition procedure is translation. Translation in the discernment procedure is doling out the entirety of the data from determination and association and framing an individual significance. Three elements: experience, information and closeness would all be able to influence how you decipher something that you see (Floyd 111). Each person’s translations will in all probability vary. For me, experience assumes the greatest job since I used to play softball. I realize how hard it very well may be to get a ball at the back of the outfield, not to mention attempting to scale a divider before getting the ball; which demonstrates to me that this youthful ball young lady has a great deal of ability. To certain individuals that might be enthusiastic baseball fans that go to a great deal of games, this could be an occasion they will always remember, however for me, it is only an amazing video that I will most likely conceivably disregard because of my absence of enthusiasm for baseball. I don't have questions that this video isn't genuine or exact. Crazier things happen each day! Subsequent to going bit by bit through the recognition procedure, I see an exceptionally skilled little youngster that can possibly be an extraordinary player on a ball group.

Online Support for Panic Disorder

Online Support for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print Online Support for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Updated on April 11, 2019 Cultura/Stefano Gilera/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions It is now commonplace to use the Internet for many different purposes. From paying your bills, to finding a date, and everything in between, there isn’t much you can’t go online for anymore. People with mental health conditions can also use the internet to build support. Did you know that many panic disorder sufferers turn to internet sources as a way to conveniently connect with resources that may help in coping with this condition? You may be surprised to find the plethora of information and support that is online. Read ahead to discover how you can use the internet to find support for panic disorder. Online Counseling Traditional counseling involves meeting with a therapist on a regular basis to discuss current symptoms and progress. In session, you are expected to talk about your struggles, emotional issues, and triumphs over panic disorder. Between sessions, your therapist may ask you to complete “homework assignments” such as practicing relaxation techniques or journal writing. Each meeting you’ll discuss how you have improved along with plans to tackle barriers to your mental health. In recent years, internet counseling has grown in popularity as a means to gain the benefits of counseling while having the convenience of staying at home. Through this format, you may be able to live chat or even video conference with a professional therapist. Assignments can be discussed and exchange through emails and you can receive quality care through the comfort of your home. Aside from convenience, online counseling offers the benefit of autonomy, as you can discuss your symptoms with a therapist that is located far from where you live. There are also numerous cons of internet counseling. For example, it can be difficult to grow rapport through this format, which is as important for therapy as you are expected to open up about deep-rooted issues. Additionally, many insurance companies will not cover these services and there is still much debate about how secure your sessions are when conducted online. Internet Support Groups There are some online support groups or forums that can help you in sharing with others who are also dealing with an anxiety disorder. The National Association for Mental Illness (NAMI) offers online discussion groups where you can learn more about your condition while developing relationships with others who may share your experiences. You may also be able to find groups on Facebook, in which members can post updates, share resources, and offer each other support. Many times these groups are private, but you may be able to join simply by putting in a request. Aside from participating in online groups and forums, you can also use the internet to find local support groups. Websites  such as NAMI and The Anxiety Depression Association of America (ADAA) both have online directories that can assist you in finding these groups in your areas. Listed on these sites may be more general support groups, like groups for those diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Other groups may be more specific, such as for loved ones of those with mental illness, assertiveness training, or grief. Websites With Resources Aside from support of others, there are also many reliable websites that can provide you with important information on panic disorder. The Verywell.com offers a lot of valuable information on panic disorder symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Many other websites also provide information on the signs and symptoms of mental health disorders, along with facts on treatment options. Online Directories Websites and online support cannot replace the value of in-person help. If you or someone you love is trying to cope with ?panic disorder, it is important to seek professional help. Through online directories such as Psychology Today  or GoodTherapy.org,  you can search for licensed and trained therapists in your area. You can even filter your search to include only those professionals who specialize in anxiety disorders, carry your insurance, and even your gender preference of the provider.

Drug Addiction - 1784 Words

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What Types Of Education And Certification Must Be...

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Why Is Organ Donation Important Free Essays

Why is organ transplant important The reason why I think organ donation is very important, because it gives a second chance to life to a person that is in need of an organ because they organs have start to fail and shut down. Although clinical issues such as the possibility of the recipient’s body rejecting the organ have been raised, the social and legal issues—from determining how donations should be handled and who should receive them, to the black-market practice of organ trafficking—spark the most heated debates. They help save lives and also give second chances to live to many people. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Organ Donation Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now . History and the types of organ transplants 2. Why is it so important to become organ donor 3. Who decides who gets the Organs Transplant first I. History and types of Organ Transplant A. The first organ transplant (a skin graft) was completed in 1869. However, it was not until almost a century later, in 1954, that surgeons transplanted the first internal organ, a kidney, when a living donor donated to his identical twin. B. Today, organs that can be transplanted include the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and skin. C. Although some of these, such as the heart, can only be transplanted from recently deceased donors, transplant surgeons have made several advances in transplanting organs from living donors, most notably a split-liver transplant, in which a live donor shares a portion of his or her liver with the recipient—the liver being the only organ that can regenerate itself to some degree. II. Why is it so important to become organ donors A. The shortage of organs has increased the use of so-called expanded-criteria organs, or organs that used to be considered unsuitable for transplant. B If organ sales are voluntary, it’s hard to fault either the buyer or the seller. But as long as the market remains underground the donors may not receive adequate postoperative care, and that puts a black mark on all proposals to legalize financial compensation. C. The world-wide shortage of organs is going to get worse before it gets better, but we do have options. Presumed consent, financial compensation for living and deceased donors and point systems would all increase the supply of transplant organs. Too many people have died already but pressure is mounting for innovation that will save lives. I think that without people becoming an organ donor that many more lives will start to fail within the next couple of years, and so more people that have been waiting on organ transplants list will start to die for from some type of organ failure. III. Who gets the organ Transplant first A. Organs are allocated (given) according to strict rules that take into account physical matching, tissue and blood type matching, medical criteria, waiting time, severity of illness, etc. The allocation system is blind to name, race, sex, and wealth. B. At the time of death, the team that coordinates donation will review medical and social histories to determine donor suitability on a case-by-case basis. Many diseases that were once considered to exclude organ donation are no longer considered a barrier. Examples include hepatitis and diabetes. C. Age limits for organ donation no longer exist. Organs may be donated from someone as young as a newborn and as old as 90. The liver, in particular, does not age like other organs and livers are commonly donated by people in their 70’s and 80’s. How to cite Why Is Organ Donation Important, Essay examples

Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine Essay Example

Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine Essay SEMIOTICS ASSIGNMENT The front cover of TIME magazine, issued on December 10, 2007 was taken before the start of the presidential campaign in America, and the man on the front cover is Barack Obama – who was a favourite at the time. The bias of the picture, the cover’s anchorage and the article altogether show that the underlying purpose of this magazine’s issue was to influence readers to side with TIME and vote for this man. This cover resembles a famous picture taken of Martin Luther King Junior and serves to link Obama with the American Civil-Rights hero in order to influence the reader’s position towards Obama. This cover can be seen as a metaphor of the rise of the African American in society, as well as politics. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation (Oxford dictionary) and will be used to unveil the hidden meaning behind this front cover. This is a picture of a black man in a suit, who is standing upright with has his arms crossed. This man is neither smiling, nor is he frowning and is not looking directly at the camera. The background is multiple shadings of grey. The word â€Å"TIME†, as well as the anchorage is in white, and words â€Å"the contender† are in red. We will write a custom essay sample on Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Semiotic Analysis of Barack Obama in Time Magazine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The outside rim of the magazine is also red, with a white border between the picture and the red rim. Obama’s suit gives off an impression that he is polished, prepared and serious. Obama’s suit also commands a sense of respect from the reader and a sense that he has etiquette as well as control. The man’s facial expression is neutral – which gives off the impression that he is stable, reliable and somewhat loyal. This is effective because one sees this control and presumes that this man is secure in who he is (he feels no need to make false pretences) and thus one can trust him with their vote in the coming presidential elections. The man’s upright posture illustrates a sense of strength because he looks anchored and thus powerful. The man is not looking directly at the camera which enhances his seriousness and creates a sense of intrigue within the reader – one can’t help but wonder what this man is thinking of, and why he is thinking it. The man’s posture makes him appear courageous and determined to handle the responsibility of anything (i. e. the presidential campaign). Obama’s body language of firmly folded arms insinuates that he is being defensive, ready to take on a boxing fight. The fight will be the upcoming presidential campaign which includes the â€Å"attacks† that he will get from the public and media being in the race (for example the media will be negative and pointedly highlight his inadequate characteristics). Therefore by looking just beyond the camera, Obama appears to be aware of what is coming and prepared to face the coming battle like a courageous boxing hero. The shaded grey background highlights the man’s power and illuminates him in a god-like manner. The light surrounding the man results in the reader’s eyes being drawn directly to him, and gives the the impression that he is â€Å"the light† and is like an angel in the darkness. The magazine name, â€Å"TIME†, is in white in order to contrast the grey background and highlight the magazine’s name. The anchorage on the front cover enhances the overall message of a sense of polish and control. â€Å"TIME† is written in Times New Roman, an old-fashioned and serious style of writing – which corresponds to the pieces of writing within the magazine. The name of the magazine is also not fully displayed (Barack’s head is blocking the â€Å"M† of TIME) and this demonstrates the popularity of the magazine because the magazine is so well known that people can immediately recognise it, without even displaying its full name. It also highlights Obama’s importance and prestige – the fact that the company are willing to be less recognised by their name is not an issue due to Obama’s great popularity and dominance, which will influence people to buy the magazine anyway because of him. TIME is in the colour white which makes it an arbitrary sign which represents goodness, peace and innocence. â€Å"The Contender† is also highlighted on the cover, and characterizes someone who is fighting for first place in a competition. Red attracts the reader’s eye to the title of the magazine’s issue, draws attention to the man’s face and highlights that he is in the running for something big. â€Å"The Contender† is in bold (which draws the reader’s attention to the words) and is in a very rich red – which is an arbitrary signifier that can represent passion, power and strength. This corresponds to the article’s position towards Obama which highlights his courage, ambition and dominance in the presidential campaign. It is also interesting to note the publisher’s use of â€Å"the† instead of â€Å"a† because Obama is a contender for the presidency of America, and is joined by many other contenders. However, by replacing â€Å"a† with â€Å"the† the reader is positioned to view Obama as the one and only competitor in the campaign. This therefore influences the reader to believe that he is going to be the ultimate winner of the competition because all other opponents are forgotten and will pale in comparison to his lead in the competition. The article inside the magazine talks about Obama’s â€Å"pledge to practice a new kind of politics† and how he managed to get â€Å"more money from small donors than all the other Democratic candidates combined† (TIME). This extract shows the biased approach that the author of the magazine, as well as the director of the photography for the front cover took with regards to Obama’s portrayal as an American politician. The article purposefully highlights the massive power that Obama and his organization has in the lives of many Americans, and this is linked to the light in which he’s portrayed in on the front cover – a portrayal of power and dominance. The article also speaks about the other political campaigners who are opponents of Obama’s (such as Hilary Clinton, Dick Cheney and Don Rumsfeld) – however Obama portrayed to be in a more dominant position than them. For example: â€Å"Obama has also begun to sharpen one of his strongest arguments – that experience is not the same thing as judgement – for which Clinton has not yet found a rejoinder†. When reading the article, it is very apparent that the writer is clearly in favour of Obama and his political campaign. This bias is also seen through the light that Obama is portrayed in the picture – a dominant, powerful and superior light, a sign that he is superior to all the other â€Å"contenders† in the presidential campaign. One can’t help but question if this magazine company’s political reliability due to their bias when it comes to the governance of the country. It is also interesting to note that Obama, who used to practise Civil Rights Law, is positioned to resemble Martin Luther King junior. O’Shaughnessy and Stadler (2008) define intertextuality as the process of knowingly borrowing and referring to other texts or interpreting one text in the light of other related texts. As you can see from the very famous above image, TIME very skilfully resembles the Front cover to this picture of the American hero, Martin Luther King junior. King was a peaceful Civil Rights leader who also refused to conform to the political practices of the time and created a peaceful yet powerful movement that America had never seen before. King is known as an innocent, equality-driven leader who made a big difference in a small amount of time. King’s portrait is a medium sized picture of him in a suit with his arms folded where he is also not looking directly into the camera – much like the portrait of Obama. The likeness between these two pictures therefore makes the reader assume these same quality traits of King, to that of Obama – which then makes the reader regard Obama to be a hero who will lead the country into equality and greatness, much like King did. This picture highlights the growth of the African Americans in society as well as politics because Obama is portrayed in a dominant light, instead of the inferior light with which the African Americans were portrayed in the previous century. TIME’s target market is success-driven, intelligent men (and on the rare occasion women) who are involved in business and take an interest in politics. This is therefore a successful front cover because it addresses all of those fields – politics, business, current affairs etc. Whilst most people would say this was a boring front cover – when correlated with their target market, it is clearly effective in convincing their desired consumer to choose their magazine from the rest. Even though this cover is severely biased, it is valuable because of its link with Martin Luther King Jr. nd its emphasis of the rise of the African American in not only society –but also politics. REFERENCES: BarackObama. Biography. 2010. [O] Available: http://www. biography. com/people/barack-obama-12782369? page=4. Accessed on 25/03/2012 Oxford Dictionaries. 2012. [O] Available: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/semiotics? q=semiotics. Accessed on 27/03/2012 Tumulty, K. 2 007. [O] Available: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1689203-2,00. html. Accessed on 28/03/2012

GOL essays

GOL essays The first step in setting out criteria for evaluating Government Online (GOL) is to know what GOL basically is. GOL or e-government brings the services offered traditionally by phone, over the counter or mail; online to create seamless, responsive and citizen focused government for the benefit of all citizens, stake holders, and government agencies. The five criterions for evaluating GOL are as follows: [The citizen as customer idea was first articulated as far back as 1993, in the words of then United States Vice president Al Gore, we are going to make the federal government customer friendly. A lot of people dont realize that the federal government has customers. We have customers; the American people]i. This statement brings about an approach in which focus is put onto creating agencies and services keeping in mind the citizen needs and requirements Once we have decided that citizens, stakeholders and agencies internally are our customers; we can use the following techniques (accenture report) to find out how capable GOL is in building its relationship with its customers and satisfying their requirements: Insight: Whether GOL remembers the customers Interactivity of the portal: How many related sites can the customer access through one site? Organization: Whether the site is made around the customer needs and requirements? Customer offering: Does the site provide help to the customer in regard with their needs? Accessibility: Can it help the customer access non-governmental sites through GOL? Feedback: The level of satisfaction for which survey and feedback are the best tools to get client responsiveness. There should be a mechanism to inquire about the customer relation with GOL. Stated below are some of the provisions to be used to make the site technology efficient: ...

Valkyrie the July Bomb Plot to Kill Hitler

Valkyrie the July Bomb Plot to Kill Hitler By 1944 there was a long list of Germans who had reason to want to assassinate  Adolf Hitler, and there had been attempts on the lives of several senior German officers. There had also been threats to Hitler from the German military itself, and with World War Two not going well for Germany (especially not on the Eastern Front) some leading figures began to realize that the war was doomed to end in failure  and that Hitler intended to lead Germany into total destruction. These commanders also believed that if Hitler was murdered, then the allies, both the Soviet Union and the western democracies, would be willing to negotiate peace with a new German government. No one knows what would have happened if Hitler had been killed at this point, and it looks unlikely Stalin would have backed off from marching into Berlin to stake his claim to a satellite empire. The Problem With Killing Hitler Hitler knew he was increasingly unpopular and took steps to safeguard himself from assassination. He disguised his movements, not letting his travel plans be known ahead of time, and tended to prefer residing in safe, heavily fortified buildings. He also strictly controlled the number of weapons which surrounded him. What was needed was someone who could get close to Hitler, and kill him with an unconventional weapon. Plans of attack were developed, but Hitler managed to avoid all of them. He was incredibly lucky and survived multiple attempts, some of which descended into farce. Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg The disaffected clique of military figures who were looking to kill Hitler found the man for the job: Claus von Stauffenberg. He had served in several key campaigns of World War Two, but while in North Africa had lost much of his right arm, his right eye, and digits on the other hand and been returned to Germany. The hand would be a rather important problem later in the bomb plot, and something which should have been better planned for.There had been other plans involving bombs and Hitler. Two army officers had been lined up to commit a suicide bombing of Hitler by Baron Henning von Tresckow, but the plans had fallen through because of Hitler changing plans to stop this danger. Now Stauffenberg was transferred from his hospital to the War Office, where Tresckow worked, and if the pair had not formed a working relationship before they did now. However Tresckow had to go fight on the Eastern Front, so Friedrich Olbricht worked with Stauffenberg. However, in June 1944, Stauffenberg was promoted to full Colonel, made a Chief of Staff, and had to regularly meet with Hitler to discuss the war. He could easily arrive carrying a bomb and not make anyone suspicious. Operation Valkyrie After a new front was opened with the successful D-Day landings, the situation looked even more desperate for Germany, and the plan was put into effect; a series of arrests also pushed the conspirators- a group involving leading regular army commanders- on before they were caught. Hitler would be killed, a military coup would take place, loyal army units would arrest SS leaders and hopefully, a new military command would avoid a civil war and negotiate an immediate end to the war in the west, a forlorn hope. After several false attempts, when Stauffenberg had carried explosives but not had the chance to use them against Hitler, Operation Valkyrie went into effect on July 20th. Stauffenberg arrived for a meeting, sneaked out to use acid to begin dissolving a detonator, entered the map room Hitler was using, put a briefcase containing the bomb against a table leg, excused himself to take a telephone call, and left the room.Instead of the phone, Stauffenberg went to his car, and at 12:4 2 the bomb went off. Stauffenberg then managed to talk his way out of the Wolf’s lair compound and headed for Berlin. However, Hitler had not died; in fact, he’d hardly been injured, with just burnt clothes, a cut hand and ear drum problems. A number of people did die, then and after, from the blast, but Hitler had been shielded. However, Stauffenberg had actually carried two bombs, but he’d had massive difficulty priming both given he only had two fingers and a thumb, and he and his assistant had been interrupted as they tried to prime, meaning only one bomb was in the briefcase Stauffenberg carried into Hitler with him. The other bomb was spirited away by the assistant. Things would have been different if he’d been able to leave both bombs together: Hitler would most certainly have died. The Reich would probably then have fallen into civil war because the plotters were not prepared. The Rebellion Is Crushed Hitler’s death was to be the start of a seizure of power which, in the end, turned into a farce. Operation Valkyrie was the official name for a set of emergency procedures, allowed by Hitler, which would transfer power to the Home Army to react if Hitler was indisposed and unable to govern. The plotters planned to use the laws because the head of the Home Army, General Fromm, was sympathetic to the plotters. However, whereas the Home Army was supposed to seize key points in Berlin and then move outwards across Germany with the news of Hitler’s death, few were willing to act without explicit news. Of course, it couldn’t come.The news Hitler survived was soon out, and the first batch of conspirators – including Stauffenberg – were arrested and shot. They were the relatively lucky ones because Hitler had anyone else tangentially connected arrested, tortured, brutally executed and filmed. He may even have watched the video. A thousand were executed, and relatives of key figures were sent to camps. Tresckow left his unit and walked towards Russian lines, whereupon he set off a grenade to kill himself. Hitler would survive for another year until he killed himself as the Soviets approached his bunker.

Analysis of an allocated management practitioner article using Essay

Analysis of an allocated management practitioner article using relevant organisational behaviour theory - Essay Example These findings, according to the writer are evidence of how critical it is for management to ensure they improve communication strategy by making it a vital part of their HR practice and strategy. To facilitate this, the writer makes several recommendations towards what they think should be done, this include; having a shared purpose, convincing the leaders, engaging the staff, taking the existing channels of communication to account, maintain a personal touch, working in collaboration with the stakeholders and finally measuring and evaluating the results. In summary, the writer can be seen as trying to assert the importance of communication for its own sake and also the importance of letting the staff and other stakeholders appreciate and understand the benefits of communication. For a long time, managers and researchers have agreed that organizational success is not separable from smoothness in the communication process, in every organization; the most effective employees are those that have open communication with their manager and leaders (Snyder and Morris, 1984). This is because communication helps them build health working relationship which serve, among other things to improve their organizational identification and thus boost their performance making it more effective (Gray & Laidlaw, 2004). In addition, when there are major organizational changes involving mergers or layoffs, in a firm where employees have open communication to management, it will be relatively easy to deal with such (Gopinath & Becker, 2000; Schweiger & DeNisi, 1991). When there is a culture of communication whether vertical or horizontal, managers and employees are better able to deal with job stressors, which would otherwise negatively affect performance. The Organizational suppo rt theory proposes that with time, employees come to form global beliefs, which are founded on the manner in which they

Battered woman Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battered woman Syndrome - Essay Example Francine Hughes was married to an abusive man for thirteen years. She tried to leave, even divorcing her husband. However, her ex-husband moved back in. When Francine tried to go to school, her ex-husband would rip up her books. Francine would try to go back home, to the Department of Human Services, and even the police. No one could or would help. Finally, after her ex-husband raped her, Francine set his bed on fire. Francine was not verbally abused, but beaten, raped, and put in the hospital over and over for thirteen years. When she went to trial her defense was the Battered-woman Defense. A jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity. Francines case generated much interest in the United States, with the focus on domestic violence (Westervelt, 102). The book and movie The Burning Bed caused Americans to stop and think about abused women for the first time. This story happened in the late 1970s, with the book coming out in the early 1980s. At that time battered women needed a defense for protecting themselves from abusive spouses. Yet, as the 1980s wore on, the Battered-woman Defense started to be misused. Betty Broderick definitely misused this defense. Betty Broderick was not a battered woman, but a scorned one. It began when her husband, Dan, began an affair with his secretary. Betty felt that the deception was mental abuse. Finally, Bettys husband left her for his secretary. After a nasty legal battle, wherein she felt ganged up on, because Dan was an attorney, Betty was left with nothing. She had left her four children on Dans doorstep, so he could understand how she felt. It backfired. Dan kept the children. However, the courts did order him to pay $16,000 a month, plus insurance and other bills. Betty in the meantime started breaking into Dans home and vandalizing it. The final straw was when Dan married his secretary. Betty stole her daughters keys, let herself into Dans house, and

roman architecture Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The city of Rome has many of the great architectural feats of the ancient world. Many of these buildings and other assorted structures, although they were built around 2000 years ago, are still standing and even in use. At the start of Roman history, they imported their marble from another great ancient city; Greece. However, they did eventually find quarries in northern Italy that held an abundance of white marble. This marble helped them become the great architectural city that we see even in present times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on, in the first century AD, the Romans began to use concrete in greater use. The architects of Rome used this concrete to make many structures including domes, arches, and vaults. They added bricks to these structures to improve the strength of the building. After adding the bricks, they put on an extra layer of marble for decoration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the biggest improvements that the Romans made in architecture was the invention of the arch. These arches added a great amount of weight to the structure. To help support this weight, the Romans invented a type of building material that is called a keystone block. The force on top of the arch was directed down to this keystone block. Because of the shape of the keystone block, this force was then pushed through the voussoir blocks that formed the top of the arch. The force then went through the impost and the piers, finally ending up at ...

Personal Theory Paper Essay

Abstract There are many ways is which we can build and create our own theories about child development but the way we do our own theories will significantly affect the way we guide and teach children. My unique personal theory about child development is that children should be guided and treated with respect and dignity. This essay will explain my own personal theory or theories that I would use to greatly guide and help children along the way, I believe that these that I am about to mention are the ones that I feel I would really use later on as I pursue my profession in the Child development Field. A positive approach to guidance makes children and others feel confident, happy, and pleasant. A positive approach does not include shaming, humiliation, ridicule, pressure to compete, nor is it punitive, impatient, mean, or bossy. Personal Theory 3 Personal Theory Paper Having your own personal theory means how you will guide children into success in their life’s later on. Making our own personal theory helps us understand, predict, explain and control that reality. Thy are mostly verbal but they can also be mathematical or illustrative. Having our own personal theories really helps learn how children will learn and develop. These several questions that I will discuss are questions that often children caregivers ask themselves: 1. How do you view the course of development is it Continuous or Discontinuous? 2. Is there one course or many courses of development that would characterize all children? 3. Do genetic or environmental factors play a greater role in development? Highlighting these major questions will give us an understanding as to how children develop and react to the changes around them. 1 Theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalized thinking. Depending on the context, the results might for example include generalized explanations on how nature works, or even how divine or metaphysical matters are thought to work. How do you view the course of development is Continuous or Discontinuous? To me how I view the course of development is it depends on the child’s physical and psychological development. On the Wikipedia article about Child Development in the Continuity section of the article I read this: â€Å"Many aspects of developmental change are continuous and do not display noticeable milestones of change. Continuous developmental changes, like growth in stature, involve fairly gradual and predictable progress toward adult characteristics.† (www.wikipedia.com). Although scientists and children caregivers have an interest in identification of developmental milestones, many aspects of developmental change are continuous. An example of a discontinuous development is Freud’s Psycho Sexual stages of development is theorized that children systematically move through oral, anal, phallic, and latency stages before reaching mature adult sexuality in the genital stage. The same is mentioned for Erikson’s theory of development and Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Theorists who believe children grow continuously believe that kids constantly add new lessons and skills on top of old lessons and though parents cannot see it all the time with their own eyes, children are growing all the time right in front of them. Their bodies make new cells. Their minds learn new skills as they play and interact with other people everyday. On the other hand children who grow Discontinuously believe that children grow in stages as they seem to develop chunks of abilities and to experience events at certain times in life. Is there one course or many courses of development that would characterize all children? In my view I believe that both one or many courses in development exist. There is not only one course or just many course, in a preschool setting a teacher or caregiver is dealing with children from different backgrounds, culture, and developmental differences physically, emotional, and psychologically. Its important for a teacher or caregiver to really observe and understand if each child has only one course or many courses of development. â€Å"When a developmental theory has only one course then it is only said to follow one path, but when a developmental theory involves many courses then it has unique paths for particular individuals across popular contexts.† (www.wiki-answers.com/Q/Child_development_One_course_of_development_or_many). Do Genetic or Environmental factors play a greater role in Development? Genetics and the environment shape the development of a human. This fact is mostly known by the idea of nature versus nurture. Scientists have been questioning which of these factors influence upon the various aspects of personal growth. A person’s physical development is strongly affected by their genes inherited from their parents. Parents genes predetermine the limits of an individuals height and other characteristics. (www.teenink.com/opinion). Genetics can have a powerful influence on development, but experiences are also important. For example, while the genetic code contains the information a child is influenced by their surroundings. If a child grows up in a home Personal Theory 6 that is well off, they may not appreciate the hard work that goes into earning a dollar because everything was given to them. On the other hand if a child grows up in poverty he or she may not want things that have no significance in their life. Child’s growth starts right away and does not end until the child is ready. As a child grows up he or she will learn to think for herself, become aware of themselves, learn to reason, and master language. The environment plays mostly an important part in the child’s skill enhancement in so many ways. First there are hereditary traits that can affect a child. The way they talk, walk, their psyche, cognitive thinking, and more can be due to the environment. My Own two Major theories of Development Two major theories that I have experienced while interacting with children is self-direction in which it is the ability to control one’s own behavior, to think for oneself was a basic aim by Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget which have mostly to do with values of freedom and liberty. I have personally come across this because when interacting with children I like to teach them to be more independent with themselves, to be able to do the things by themselves and if they already tried several times and they still need help on doing something then they can rely on me for help. I have a younger sister who I have been helping my mom take care of ever since my sister was three years old (now she is eight years old) she does like to do things by herself independently but now that she is growing up, I have noticed that she is always wanting someone to do the things for her. Like there are times in the mornings when she feels lazy to do her own bed so she always tends to ask for my help only even though she also has other older sisters and an older brother she still only asks for my help, sometimes it is kind of annoying for me when she only asks for my help it almost seems like if I was her only sister. I am tend to loose my patience at times but that is when I Personal Theory 7 say to myself to calm down and realize that she likes to spend quality time with me, even if sometimes it is annoying. I want her to rely on me for help but what I want her to realize is that she also has to do her own things. When she is in a tight situation then that is when she can come to me for advice. My other theory is the imitation experience, when a child sees someone clapping then after seeing the grownup clap the child claps back just the same way the grownup did it. Helping a child read picture books can help develop schemas in child development. A schema can be defined as a set of linked mental representations of the world, which are used both to understand and respond to situations. The assumption is that we store these mental representations and apply them when needed. (www.simplypsychology.com/piaget.html). For example, a person might have a schema about buying a meal in a restaurant. The schema is a stored form of the pattern of behavior which includes looking at a menu, or during food, eating it and paying the bill. This is an example of a schema called ‘script’. Whenever they are in a restaurant, they retrieve this schema from memory and apply it to the situation. The schemas Piaget described tend to be simpler than this-especially those used by infants. He described how as a child gets older-his or her schemas become more numerous and elaborate. An example of an initial schema is when the teacher is showing the children how a dog looks from a picture book, therefore the children begin to develop an understanding of what a dog looks like just by looking at the picture book. Experience in practicing the skill can be provided by adults at strategic moments when the child shows readiness, thus enhancing development. Expert teachers are sensitive to children’s readiness in many learning domains. Children seek ways to gain experience when they find a new skill fascinating. (Hildebrand pg. 29) I would watch children climb up and down a mountain when they learning to climb. When observing I would also listen to the children’s conversations, to me it is Personal Theory 8 interesting listening to the way children use words to connect them into sentences that are filled with fantasy, imagination and curiousness all over listening to their conversations also makes me wonder sometimes if they are imitating a grown-up from their own family or if it comes from their own active imagination, it almost seems like they have an inner drive to excel. I would never like to hinder a child from saying anything they wish to say but I would also watch carefully that any child does not swear because a young children’s mind is always active and open; and when they are toddlers everything the grownups say or do they will want to do it also because they are at a period where they want to try everything you do also, so we as their caregivers have to be extra careful what we say or do because what we do or say will greatly affect the child in the present and lat er on in their life. Conclusion Even though I have never had professional early child development teaching experience I know that in the several years of taking care of my sister I have at least gained some basic experience and have seen some of the theories that I mentioned in this essay in action with my younger sister. To me the course of development is both continuous and discontinuous depending on how each child develops. Learning about these theories and finding out more information about the many courses or just one course of development made me see that there are many courses of development based on the many developmental theories and stages each child goes through in life. Lastly I discovered that both genetic and environmental factors can affect children greatly in the present as well as later on in life. As I said earlier if a child is brought up in a negative environment then that will definitely affect the children emotionally as well psychologically. References Continuity and Discontinuity in Development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development Oswald, Angela. Child Development Stages versus Continuous Development. Retrieved from: http://www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php? type=doc&id=7920.. Cabi816, Greenville, SC. Teen Ink. Genetic Versus the Environment and their Effects on the Development. Retrieved from: http://www.teenink.com/opinion/current_events_politics/article/155563/Geneti cs-V-The-Environment-And-Their-Effects-On-Development/ McLeod, Saul. (Published 2009, Updated 2012). Simply Psychology. Jean Piaget. Retrieved from: http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html Hildebrand, Verna and Hearron, F. Patricia. Guiding Young Children. Sixth Edition. (1999). Merrill, an imprint of Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle, New Jersey and Columbus, Ohio. Chapter 2 Knowing Children as a Basis for Guidance. Speed of Development.

The Cholera Epidemic of 1832

The cholera epidemic of 1832 killed thousands of people in Europe and North America and created mass panic across two continents. Astoundingly, when the epidemic struck New York City it prompted as many as 100,000 people, nearly half the citys population, to flee to the countryside. The arrival of the disease prompted widespread anti-immigrant feeling, as it seemed to flourish in poor neighborhoods populated by new arrivals to America. The movement of the disease across continents and countries was tracked closely, yet how it was transmitted was barely understood. And people were understandably terrified by horrific symptoms which seemed to  afflict  victims instantly. Someone who woke up healthy could suddenly become violently ill, have their skin turn a ghastly bluish tint, become severely dehydrated, and die within hours. It would not be until the late 19th century that scientists knew for certain that cholera was caused by a bacillus carried in water  and that proper sanitation could prevent the spread of the deadly disease. Cholera Moved From India to Europe Cholera had made its first 19th-century appearance in India, in 1817. A medical text published in 1858, A Treatise On the Practice of Medicine by George B. Wood, M.D., described how it spread through most of Asia and the Middle East throughout the 1820s. By 1830 it was reported in Moscow, and the following year the epidemic had reached Warsaw, Berlin, Hamburg, and the northern reaches of England. In early 1832 the disease struck London, and then Paris. By April 1832, more than 13,000 people in Paris had died as a result. And by early June 1832 news of the epidemic had crossed the Atlantic, with Canadian cases reported on June 8, 1832, in Quebec and June 10, 1832, in Montreal. The disease spread along two distinct pathways into the United States, with reports in the Mississippi Valley in the summer of 1832, and the first case documented in New York City on June 24, 1832. Other cases were reported in Albany, New York, and in Philadelphia and Baltimore. The cholera epidemic, at least in the United States, passed fairly quickly, and within two years it was over. But during its visit to America, there was widespread panic and considerable suffering and death. Choleras Puzzling Spread Though the cholera epidemic could be followed on a map, there was little understanding of how it spread. And that caused considerable fear. When Dr. George B. Wood wrote two decades after the 1832 epidemic he eloquently described the way cholera seemed unstoppable: No barriers are sufficient to obstruct its progress. It crosses mountains, deserts, and oceans. Opposing winds do not check it. All classes of persons, male and female, young and old, the robust and the feeble, are exposed to its assault; and even those whom it has once visited are not always subsequently exempt; yet as a general rule it selects its victims preferably from among those already pressed down by the various miseries of life and leaves the rich and prosperous to their sunshine and their fears. The comment about how the rich and prosperous were relatively protected from cholera sounds like antiquated snobbery. However, since the disease was carried in the water supply, people living in cleaner quarters and more affluent neighborhoods were definitely less likely to become infected. Cholera Panic in New York City In early 1832, citizens of New York City had known the disease might strike, as they were reading reports about deaths in London, Paris, and elsewhere. But as the disease was so poorly understood, little was done to prepare. By the end of June, when cases were being reported in the poorer districts of the city, a prominent citizen and former mayor of New York,  Philip Hone, wrote about the crisis in his diary: This dreadful disease increases fearfully; there are eighty-eight new cases today, and twenty-six deaths. Our visitation is severe but thus far it falls much short of other places. St. Louis on the Mississippi is likely to be depopulated, and Cincinnati on the Ohio is awfully scourged. These two flourishing cities are the resort of emigrants from Europe; Irish and Germans coming by Canada, New York, and New Orleans, filthy, intemperate, unused to the comforts of life and regardless of its proprieties. They flock to the populous towns of the great West, with disease contracted on shipboard, and increased by bad habits on shore. They inoculate the inhabitants of those beautiful cities, and every paper we open is only a record of premature mortality. The air seems to be corrupted, and indulgence in things heretofore innocent is frequently fatal now in these cholera times. Hone was not alone in assigning blame for the disease. The cholera epidemic was often blamed on immigrants, and nativist groups like the Know-Nothing Party would occasionally revive fear of disease as a reason to restrict immigration. In New York City the fear of disease became so prevalent that many thousands of people actually fled the city. Out of a population of about 250,000 people, it is believed that at least 100,000 left the city during the summer of 1832. The steamboat line owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt made handsome profits carrying New Yorkers up the Hudson River, where they rented any available rooms in local villages. By the end of the summer, the epidemic seemed to be over. But more than 3,000 New Yorkers had died. Legacy of the 1832 Cholera Epidemic While the exact cause of cholera would not be determined for decades, it was clear that cities needed to have clean sources of water. In New York City, a push was made to construct what would become a reservoir system which, by the mid-1800s, would be supplying the city with safe water. Two years after the initial outbreak, cholera was reported again, but it did not reach the level of the 1832 epidemic. And other outbreaks of cholera would emerge in various locations, but the epidemic of 1832 was always remembered as, to quote Philip Hone, the cholera times.